Cyber Security Glossary

Find definitions for IT security and compliance in our online glossary of key terms, acronyms, and vocabulary.

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  • Term
    Definition
  • "the quantitative evaluation of a model’s performance both from a statistical and trading perspective"
  • "A form of outcomes analysis that involves the comparison of actual outcomes with modeled forecasts during a development sample time period (in-sample back-testing) and during a sample period not used in model development (out-of-time back-testing), and at an observation frequency that matches(...)
  • "The way many neural nets learn. They find the difference between their output and the desired output, then adjust the calculations in reverse order of execution."
  • To create a copy of data as a precaution against the loss or damage of the original data. Most users backup some of their files, and many computer networks utilize automatic backup software to make regular copies of some or all of the data on the network. Some backup systems use digital audio(...)
  • Backup data is information that is not presently in use by an organization and is routinely stored separately upon portable media, to free up space and permit data recovery in the event of disaster.
  • Files copied to diskettes, portable disk drives, backup tapes and compact disks, providing the user with access to data in case of emergency. Some backup files are created automatically by certain applications or operating systems, are not readily apparent to the user and are maintained (as(...)
  • Backup or disaster recovery tapes are portable media used to store data that is not presently in use by an organization to free up space but still allow for disaster recovery.
  • Backup tape recycling is the process whereby an organization’s backup tapes are overwritten with new backup data, usually on a fixed schedule (i.e., the use of nightly backup tapes for each day of the week with the daily backup tape for a particular day being overwritten on the same day the(...)
  • "individuals or entities who are responsible for cyber incidents against enterprises, governments, and users."
  • "Bagging predictors is a method for generating multiple versions of a predictor and using these to get an aggregated predictor."
  • The amount of information or data that can be sent over a network connection in a given period of time. Bandwidth is usually stated in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (kbps), or megabits per second (mps).
  • "Process automation execution of intentionally segregated work processes that are able to be processed irrespective of their contextual placement within a service."
  • A bates production number is a tracking number assigned to each page of each document in the production set.
  • Definition: Observing activities of users, information systems, and processes and measuring the activities against organizational policies and rule, baselines of normal activity, thresholds, and trends.
  • "Standard against which results can be measured or assessed; Procedure, problem, or test that can be used to compare systems or components to each other or to a standard."
  • The Best Evidence Rule states that to prove the content of a written document, recording, or photograph, the "original" writing, recording, or photograph is ordinarily required.
  • "A systematic error. In the context of fairness, we are concerned with unwanted bias that places privileged groups at systematic advantage and unprivileged groups at systematic disadvantage."
  • "A procedure for reducing unwanted bias in training data or models."
  • "As it relates to disparate impact, courts and regulators have utilized or considered as acceptable various statistical tests to evaluate evidence of disparate impact. Traditional methods of statistical bias testing look at differences in predictions across protected classes, such as race or(...)
  • "Extremely large data sets that are statistically analyzed to gain detailed insights. The data can involve billions of records and require substantial computer-processing power. Datasets are sometimes linked together to see how patterns in one domain affect other areas. Data can be structured(...)
  • Mathematical base 2, or numbers composed of a series of zeros and ones. Since zero's and one's can be easily represented by two voltage levels on an electronic device, the binary number system is widely used in digital computing.
  • "a technique of lumping small ranges of values together into categories, or "bins," for the purpose of reducing the variability (removing some of the fine structure) in a data set."
  • "personal data resulting from specific technical processing relating to the physical, physiological or behavioural characteristics of a natural person, which allow or confirm the unique identification of that natural person, such as facial images or dactyloscopic data;"
  • Basic input output system
  • A measurement of data. It is the smallest unit of data. A bit is either the "1" or "0" component of the binary code. A collection of bits is put together to form a byte.